For example, in patients with colorectal cancer, 90% of nodal metastases occur in nodes <1 cm. In some tumours, the incidence of metastatic disease within normal-sized nodes is greater than others.

Unfortunately 10–20% of normal-sized locoregional nodes will contain tumour deposits and 30% of enlarged nodes will demonstrate only inflammatory hyperplasia. For example the upper limit of a normal retrocrural node is 6 mm, a retroperitoneal node is 10 mm and 8–10 mm for nodes in the pelvis. The lymph nodes are small glands that make white blood cells. Perusal of available literature revealed meager information, hence present communication Reports the gross, and microscopic lesions of different regional lymph nodes of indigenous cattle and their etiological relationship. A lymph node biopsy is the removal of lymph node tissue for examination under a microscope. A lymph node is called positive when it contains cancer and negative when it does not. Pathological studies of lymph nodes are of paramount importance while giving diagnosis of certain diseases. In the abdomen, the upper limit of the short axis diameter of normal nodes varies from 6 to 10 mm. Lymph nodes are tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight disease. The short axis diameter is measured perpendicular to the longest diameter of the lymph node. The short axis diameter of a lymph node should be measured as it has been demonstrated that this is constant despite orientation because it is likely to become rounder before it elongates. Various types of cellular response are en- countered in lymph nodes as component manifestations of various diseases.

but lymphoblasts still < 20 -Macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells variable -Common in lymph. There is considerable interobserver variation in lymph node assessment and therefore nodes must be measured using a reproducible method. Regional lymph node metastasis is the most reliable predictor of treatment outcomes for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Lymph node pathology outlines REACTIVE LYMPH NODES : (HYPERPLASIA) -Enlarged lymph node due to proliferation of lymphoid cells -Predominately small lymphocytes -Plasma cells increased to 5-20 KEY to this diagnosis -Medium and large lymphocytes inc. Currently, the only widely accepted method for discriminating between normal and pathologic nodes is by size.

Pathological lymph node